2008年8月15日星期五

李铁开房事件与何可欣遭遇“年龄门”

李铁开房事件与何可欣遭遇“年龄门”


中国女子体操队在奥运体操团体项目中的首次获得了冠军,但是队内主力何可欣的年龄却成为了媒体关注的焦点。 按照规定,在1992年12月31日之前出生体操选手方可参加北京奥运,然而2007年11月3日的“人民日报”第七版一篇名为“冷静看待新人成长”的文章中上却赫然写着:“ 13岁的何可欣在女子体操比赛中出色地完成高低杠‘李姮空翻’。”仅仅半年的时间,13岁的何可欣就摇身一变长了3岁,成为了体操队夺冠的功臣。
媒体泄露天机

如果说作为官方出版物的“人民日报”还是一时“笔误”的话,那么5天之后的“今晚报”上则再次露出马脚。该报2007年11月8日第19版题为“第六届城运会十大新星”的文章中写到:“13岁的武汉选手何可欣在女子高低杠比赛中的对手是国家队的杨伊琳。”

还有多少媒体泄露天机呢?

“北京晚报”2007年12月12报道:张佩文口中的“秘密武器”就是最近涌现出的新星何可欣。这名13岁的小将不仅能轻松地完成“李娅空翻”,还在比赛中表现出了与年龄不相符的稳定。

“法制晚报”2008年1月22日报道:记者在平衡木训练场地上看到,13岁的小将何可欣正准备做下一组动作,突然被自己的一阵咳嗽打断……

“生活报”2007年11月5日报道:13岁的体操高低杠选手何可欣出色地完成了“李娅空翻”的全套动作,战胜了刚刚获得世锦赛季军的国手杨伊琳。

种种迹象表明,包括何可欣,江钰源在内的几名中国队队员的年龄都很有点“玄机”。

护照成唯一证据

面对海外媒体的问责,中国体操协会反驳说,中国体操队是一支临时集训的运动队,是按照运动员户籍所在地的省、区、市提供的具有法律效力的身份证件办理护照。中国体操协会出示的何可欣身份证上显示的出生日期为1992年1月1日。她初次办理护照的时间为2007年7月,护照上的出生日期与身份证一致。江钰源的身份证上出生日期为1991年11月1日。她于2006年3月办理的护照上出生日期与身份证一致。

中国体操协会表示,江钰源参加了2007年世界体操锦标赛,何可欣先后于今年3月和4月分别参加了国际体联体操世界杯系列赛多哈站和科特布斯站的比赛。这些赛事均是国际体联主办的官方赛事。国际体联严格验证了她们的护照、确认其年龄符合参加世锦赛、世界杯和奥运会的年龄规定。中国体操协会认为,网上信息和各种媒体繁多,不能作为证据。

国际体联很尴尬

由于中国方面出示了运动员的护照,而无论是国际奥委会还是国际体联,在没有足够证据的情况下,都没有权利也没有理由去质疑中国政府的官方文件。国际体联秘书长圭斯布勒只能尴尬的表示:“ 使用护照作为证明是国际间普遍采用的做法,我们没有理由要求检查护照之外的证据。”

不过国际体联也表示会做出改变。圭斯布勒表示,国际体联将在明年引入运动员“身份证”。该身份证将在运动员首次参加国际大赛时发放,标注身份年龄,每两年必须更新一次。国际体联希望以这种方式对运动员的身份年龄有更具体的和长期的监控。他还说,会同时在成年和青年比赛中引入“身份证”制度,但这个身份证仍然是以护照年龄作为依据的。

对于国际体联方面的表态,美国体操队的一名权威人士表示:完全解除疑惑的惟一方式是取消体操比赛的年龄限制,而这些限制条件设立的原意是为保护运动员。毫无疑问,如果最低年龄限制被取消了,其它国家诸如美国,可以培养他们更年轻的,更小个子和更勇敢的体操运动员。8月13日在团体决赛高低杠上获得16.9高分的柳金,四年前就因为年龄不够未能参加雅典奥运会。

年龄,骨龄与黑洞

要检测中国运动员的真实年龄并不是一个什么很难的事情,只要将运动员送到国际体联认可的机构进行骨龄检测就可以了。到时究竟是海外媒体出了问题,还是护照出了问题,一切就真相大白了。既然兴奋剂要接受检测,为什么年龄就不能呢?

其实中国运动员的年龄问题一直存在不少问题,是中国体育界的一个黑洞。早在中国体操队爆出年龄问题之前,就有不少知名中国运动员的年龄受到质疑,比较出名的是当年的国脚李铁开房事件:2000年12月25日,李铁随国家队在昆明集训,当天球队放假,李铁在昆明机场一酒店开了一间钟点房,与他在一起的还有一名黑衣女子。尽管事后早已证明,那名女子不过是国内一家公司的代表,两人商谈的是去国外踢球的事情,但不巧的是,这件事随着媒体的介入,那名黑衣女子也“变”成了成都一所中学的高二学生,一度引起了轩然大波,随即此事被定性为“李铁开房事件”。

当铁妈妈被问到作为家长持什么态度时说了一句“咱铁子也是二十五六岁的大人了,他有女朋友是很正常的事……” 从中国足协下发的当年联赛秩序册来看,李铁的报名年龄是1977年,也就是说,在2000年的时候,他满打满算也就23岁。

同样的事情也发生在中国篮球运动员身上,在NBA效力的中国球员易建联的年龄也一直是一个秘密。在参加2007年NBA选秀的时候,官方说法易建联只有19岁,但美国的“选秀快递网”揭露易建联真实的出生日期是1984年10月28日,这意味着易建联已经年满22周岁。2006年8月份的《休斯敦纪事报》称,易建联虚报了年龄,他上报的生日为1987年10月24日,但事实上他已经24岁了,该文引用了姚明新队友肖恩·巴蒂尔的话,巴蒂尔称,在两周前的一场比赛中,易建联告诉他,自己已经24岁了。

李铁开房事件与何可欣遭遇“年龄门”

李铁开房事件与何可欣遭遇“年龄门”


中国女子体操队在奥运体操团体项目中的首次获得了冠军,但是队内主力何可欣的年龄却成为了媒体关注的焦点。 按照规定,在1992年12月31日之前出生体操选手方可参加北京奥运,然而2007年11月3日的“人民日报”第七版一篇名为“冷静看待新人成长”的文章中上却赫然写着:“ 13岁的何可欣在女子体操比赛中出色地完成高低杠‘李姮空翻’。”仅仅半年的时间,13岁的何可欣就摇身一变长了3岁,成为了体操队夺冠的功臣。
媒体泄露天机

如果说作为官方出版物的“人民日报”还是一时“笔误”的话,那么5天之后的“今晚报”上则再次露出马脚。该报2007年11月8日第19版题为“第六届城运会十大新星”的文章中写到:“13岁的武汉选手何可欣在女子高低杠比赛中的对手是国家队的杨伊琳。”

还有多少媒体泄露天机呢?

“北京晚报”2007年12月12报道:张佩文口中的“秘密武器”就是最近涌现出的新星何可欣。这名13岁的小将不仅能轻松地完成“李娅空翻”,还在比赛中表现出了与年龄不相符的稳定。

“法制晚报”2008年1月22日报道:记者在平衡木训练场地上看到,13岁的小将何可欣正准备做下一组动作,突然被自己的一阵咳嗽打断……

“生活报”2007年11月5日报道:13岁的体操高低杠选手何可欣出色地完成了“李娅空翻”的全套动作,战胜了刚刚获得世锦赛季军的国手杨伊琳。

种种迹象表明,包括何可欣,江钰源在内的几名中国队队员的年龄都很有点“玄机”。

护照成唯一证据

面对海外媒体的问责,中国体操协会反驳说,中国体操队是一支临时集训的运动队,是按照运动员户籍所在地的省、区、市提供的具有法律效力的身份证件办理护照。中国体操协会出示的何可欣身份证上显示的出生日期为1992年1月1日。她初次办理护照的时间为2007年7月,护照上的出生日期与身份证一致。江钰源的身份证上出生日期为1991年11月1日。她于2006年3月办理的护照上出生日期与身份证一致。

中国体操协会表示,江钰源参加了2007年世界体操锦标赛,何可欣先后于今年3月和4月分别参加了国际体联体操世界杯系列赛多哈站和科特布斯站的比赛。这些赛事均是国际体联主办的官方赛事。国际体联严格验证了她们的护照、确认其年龄符合参加世锦赛、世界杯和奥运会的年龄规定。中国体操协会认为,网上信息和各种媒体繁多,不能作为证据。

国际体联很尴尬

由于中国方面出示了运动员的护照,而无论是国际奥委会还是国际体联,在没有足够证据的情况下,都没有权利也没有理由去质疑中国政府的官方文件。国际体联秘书长圭斯布勒只能尴尬的表示:“ 使用护照作为证明是国际间普遍采用的做法,我们没有理由要求检查护照之外的证据。”

不过国际体联也表示会做出改变。圭斯布勒表示,国际体联将在明年引入运动员“身份证”。该身份证将在运动员首次参加国际大赛时发放,标注身份年龄,每两年必须更新一次。国际体联希望以这种方式对运动员的身份年龄有更具体的和长期的监控。他还说,会同时在成年和青年比赛中引入“身份证”制度,但这个身份证仍然是以护照年龄作为依据的。

对于国际体联方面的表态,美国体操队的一名权威人士表示:完全解除疑惑的惟一方式是取消体操比赛的年龄限制,而这些限制条件设立的原意是为保护运动员。毫无疑问,如果最低年龄限制被取消了,其它国家诸如美国,可以培养他们更年轻的,更小个子和更勇敢的体操运动员。8月13日在团体决赛高低杠上获得16.9高分的柳金,四年前就因为年龄不够未能参加雅典奥运会。

年龄,骨龄与黑洞

要检测中国运动员的真实年龄并不是一个什么很难的事情,只要将运动员送到国际体联认可的机构进行骨龄检测就可以了。到时究竟是海外媒体出了问题,还是护照出了问题,一切就真相大白了。既然兴奋剂要接受检测,为什么年龄就不能呢?

其实中国运动员的年龄问题一直存在不少问题,是中国体育界的一个黑洞。早在中国体操队爆出年龄问题之前,就有不少知名中国运动员的年龄受到质疑,比较出名的是当年的国脚李铁开房事件:2000年12月25日,李铁随国家队在昆明集训,当天球队放假,李铁在昆明机场一酒店开了一间钟点房,与他在一起的还有一名黑衣女子。尽管事后早已证明,那名女子不过是国内一家公司的代表,两人商谈的是去国外踢球的事情,但不巧的是,这件事随着媒体的介入,那名黑衣女子也“变”成了成都一所中学的高二学生,一度引起了轩然大波,随即此事被定性为“李铁开房事件”。

当铁妈妈被问到作为家长持什么态度时说了一句“咱铁子也是二十五六岁的大人了,他有女朋友是很正常的事……” 从中国足协下发的当年联赛秩序册来看,李铁的报名年龄是1977年,也就是说,在2000年的时候,他满打满算也就23岁。

同样的事情也发生在中国篮球运动员身上,在NBA效力的中国球员易建联的年龄也一直是一个秘密。在参加2007年NBA选秀的时候,官方说法易建联只有19岁,但美国的“选秀快递网”揭露易建联真实的出生日期是1984年10月28日,这意味着易建联已经年满22周岁。2006年8月份的《休斯敦纪事报》称,易建联虚报了年龄,他上报的生日为1987年10月24日,但事实上他已经24岁了,该文引用了姚明新队友肖恩·巴蒂尔的话,巴蒂尔称,在两周前的一场比赛中,易建联告诉他,自己已经24岁了。

北京:抗议场地空空如也,申请抗议后果自负

北京:抗议场地空空如也,申请抗议后果自负

Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift:

北京政府开辟三个公园作为抗议场地一度成为小小的轰动新闻。但至今已三个星期,还没有任何人在这三个公园举行抗议,而必须经过的申请程序十分危险。据人权组织提供的消息,至少有两名申请抗议的人被捕入狱,其他人则被遣送回原籍。
人权观察组织亚洲部的安娜ㆍ里查尔森批评说,"这一申请程序显然不是为了给予人民更多发表言论的自由,而是为了给警察提供方便,使他们能更容易镇压言论自由"。例如,在开辟为抗议场地之一的日坛公园中,只能看到带着怀疑目光到处转悠的公安人员。紫竹院公园和世界公园的抗议活动专用区也空空如也。
北京警方说:"有一些人提出了申请,我们正在审理。"警方有关部门发言人还说,申请必须"完整"、"合法"。按照中国法律,申请举行的示威不能"危害社会安全"或"损害国家政权"。至于具体情况下如何解释,由警方决定。看来,反对中国的西藏政策和要求民主的抗议活动被排除在申请之外。
有一位前女军医想为自己的事举行示威,因为她没有获得民间行医的执照,这完全是一件与政治无关的事。这位女士说:"他们没有接受我的申请,但又不书面拒绝。"相反,申请人要书面说明许多细节:示威的目的、时间、游行路线、标语、口号、扩音器和可能参加的人数。
58岁的季思尊要为反对滥用权力、争取人民更多参与政治过程举行示威。星期一,他到警察局打听申请的批准情况。刚与家里打完电话,说还有一些问题,他就消失了。北京市民张薇也一样,她要抗议拆除她的房子。海淀区警察局先是根本不接受她的申请,现在她已被送进劳教营,据人权组织说,她将被关到奥运结束。张薇与二十名邻居试图采取一次行动,以引起奥运记者的关注,但被定位为"破坏社会秩序"。
"中国是法制国家,与其它国家一样",中国外交部发言人秦刚以这句话反驳对中国的指责。但现实说的是另一种语言:中国警方和国安人员向三十多名人权人士和1989年天安门大屠杀受难者的家属发出了警告,警告他们不要与外国记者谈话。一些人被迫离开首都,另一些人被软禁家中或始终处于监视之下。著名的被捕人权人士胡佳的妻子曾金燕在奥运开幕前一天突然消失得无影无踪。
现在人权组织要求,在申请人因和平提出批评就被带走的时候,参加奥运开幕式、给中国赏脸的国际奥委会和政治家应该停止对此视而不见、听而不闻的做法。人权观察组织亚洲部负责人里查尔森说:"中国违背了奥运诺言,压制言论自由。关键是,世界是否对此表示沉默。"

2008年8月6日星期三

Text of Address by Alexander Solzhenitsyn at Harvard Class Day Afternoon Exercises,

Text of Address by Alexander Solzhenitsyn at Harvard Class Day Afternoon Exercises,
Thursday, June 8, 1978
I am sincerely happy to be here with you on this occasion and to become personally acquainted with this old and most prestigious University. My congratulations and very best wishes to all of today's graduates.
Harvard's motto is "Veritas." Many of you have already found out and others will find out in the course of their lives that truth eludes us if we do not concentrate with total attention on its pursuit. And even while it eludes us, the illusion still lingers of knowing it and leads to many misunderstandings. Also, truth is seldom pleasant; it is almost invariably bitter. There is some bitterness in my speech today, too. But I want to stress that it comes not from an adversary but from a friend.
Three years ago in the United States I said certain things which at that time appeared unacceptable. Today, however, many people agree with what I then said...
A World Split Apart by Alexander Solzhenitsyn
The split in today's world is perceptible even to a hasty glance. Any of our contemporaries readily identifies two world powers, each of them already capable of entirely destroying the other. However, understanding of the split often is limited to this political conception, to the illusion that danger may be abolished through successful diplomatic negotiations or by achieving a balance of armed forces. The truth is that the split is a much profounder and a more alienating one, that the rifts are more than one can see at first glance. This deep manifold split bears the danger of manifold disaster for all of us, in accordance with the ancient truth that a Kingdom -- in this case, our Earth -- divided against itself cannot stand.
Contemporary WorldsThere is the concept of the Third World: thus, we already have three worlds. Undoubtedly, however, the number is even greater; we are just too far away to see. Any ancient deeply rooted autonomous culture, especially if it is spread on a wide part of the earth's surface, constitutes an autonomous world, full of riddles and surprises to Western thinking. As a minimum, we must include in this category China, India, the Muslim world and Africa, if indeed we accept the approximation of viewing the latter two as compact units. For one thousand years Russia has belonged to such a category, although Western thinking systematically committed the mistake of denying its autonomous character and therefore never understood it, just as today the West does not understand Russia in communist captivity. It may be that in the past years Japan has increasingly become a distant part of the West, I am no judge here; but as to Israel, for instance, it seems to me that it stands apart from the Western world in that its state system is fundamentally linked to religion.
How short a time ago, relatively, the small new European world was easily seizing colonies everywhere, not only without anticipating any real resistance, but also usually despising any possible values in the conquered peoples' approach to life. On the face of it, it was an overwhelming success, there were no geographic frontiers to it. Western society expanded in a triumph of human independence and power. And all of a sudden in the twentieth century came the discovery of its fragility and friability. We now see that the conquests proved to be short lived and precarious, and this in turn points to defects in the Western view of the world which led to these conquests. Relations with the former colonial world now have turned into their opposite and the Western world often goes to extremes of obsequiousness, but it is difficult yet to estimate the total size of the bill which former colonial countries will present to the West, and it is difficult to predict whether the surrender not only of its last colonies, but of everything it owns will be sufficient for the West to foot the bill.
ConvergenceBut the blindness of superiority continues in spite of all and upholds the belief that vast regions everywhere on our planet should develop and mature to the level of present day Western systems which in theory are the best and in practice the most attractive. There is this belief that all those other worlds are only being temporarily prevented by wicked governments or by heavy crises or by their own barbarity or incomprehension from taking the way of Western pluralistic democracy and from adopting the Western way of life. Countries are judged on the merit of their progress in this direction. However, it is a conception which developed out of Western incomprehension of the essence of other worlds, out of the mistake of measuring them all with a Western yardstick. The real picture of our planet's development is quite different.
Anguish about our divided world gave birth to the theory of convergence between leading Western countries and the Soviet Union. It is a soothing theory which overlooks the fact that these worlds are not at all developing into similarity; neither one can be transformed into the other without the use of violence. Besides, convergence inevitably means acceptance of the other side's defects, too, and this is hardly desirable.
If I were today addressing an audience in my country, examining the overall pattern of the world's rifts I would have concentrated on the East's calamities. But since my forced exile in the West has now lasted four years and since my audience is a Western one, I think it may be of greater interest to concentrate on certain aspects of the West in our days, such as I see them.
A Decline in Couragemay be the most striking feature which an outside observer notices in the West in our days. The Western world has lost its civil courage, both as a whole and separately, in each country, each government, each political party and of course in the United Nations. Such a decline in courage is particularly noticeable among the ruling groups and the intellectual elite, causing an impression of loss of courage by the entire society. Of course there are many courageous individuals but they have no determining influence on public life. Political and intellectual bureaucrats show depression, passivity and perplexity in their actions and in their statements and even more so in theoretical reflections to explain how realistic, reasonable as well as intellectually and even morally warranted it is to base state policies on weakness and cowardice. And decline in courage is ironically emphasized by occasional explosions of anger and inflexibility on the part of the same bureaucrats when dealing with weak governments and weak countries, not supported by anyone, or with currents which cannot offer any resistance. But they get tongue-tied and paralyzed when they deal with powerful governments and threatening forces, with aggressors and international terrorists.
Should one point out that from ancient times decline in courage has been considered the beginning of the end?
Well-BeingWhen the modern Western States were created, the following principle was proclaimed: governments are meant to serve man, and man lives to be free to pursue happiness. (See, for example, the American Declaration). Now at last during past decades technical and social progress has permitted the realization of such aspirations: the welfare state. Every citizen has been granted the desired freedom and material goods in such quantity and of such quality as to guarantee in theory the achievement of happiness, in the morally inferior sense which has come into being during those same decades. In the process, however, one psychological detail has been overlooked: the constant desire to have still more things and a still better life and the struggle to obtain them imprints many Western faces with worry and even depression, though it is customary to conceal such feelings. Active and tense competition permeates all human thoughts without opening a way to free spiritual development. The individual's independence from many types of state pressure has been guaranteed; the majority of people have been granted well-being to an extent their fathers and grandfathers could not even dream about; it has become possible to raise young people according to these ideals, leading them to physical splendor, happiness, possession of material goods, money and leisure, to an almost unlimited freedom of enjoyment. So who should now renounce all this, why and for what should one risk one's precious life in defense of common values, and particularly in such nebulous cases when the security of one's nation must be defended in a distant country?
Even biology knows that habitual extreme safety and well-being are not advantageous for a living organism. Today, well-being in the life of Western society has begun to reveal its pernicious mask.
Legalistic LifeWestern society has given itself the organization best suited to its purposes, based, I would say, on the letter of the law. The limits of human rights and righteousness are determined by a system of laws; such limits are very broad. People in the West have acquired considerable skill in using, interpreting and manipulating law, even though laws tend to be too complicated for an average person to understand without the help of an expert. Any conflict is solved according to the letter of the law and this is considered to be the supreme solution. If one is right from a legal point of view, nothing more is required, nobody may mention that one could still not be entirely right, and urge self-restraint, a willingness to renounce such legal rights, sacrifice and selfless risk: it would sound simply absurd. One almost never sees voluntary self-restraint. Everybody operates at the extreme limit of those legal frames. An oil company is legally blameless when it purchases an invention of a new type of energy in order to prevent its use. A food product manufacturer is legally blameless when he poisons his produce to make it last longer: after all, people are free not to buy it.
I have spent all my life under a communist regime and I will tell you that a society without any objective legal scale is a terrible one indeed. But a society with no other scale but the legal one is not quite worthy of man either. A society which is based on the letter of the law and never reaches any higher is taking very scarce advantage of the high level of human possibilities. The letter of the law is too cold and formal to have a beneficial influence on society. Whenever the tissue of life is woven of legalistic relations, there is an atmosphere of moral mediocrity, paralyzing man's noblest impulses.
And it will be simply impossible to stand through the trials of this threatening century with only the support of a legalistic structure.
The Direction of FreedomIn today's Western society, the inequality has been revealed of freedom for good deeds and freedom for evil deeds. A statesman who wants to achieve something important and highly constructive for his country has to move cautiously and even timidly; there are thousands of hasty and irresponsible critics around him, parliament and the press keep rebuffing him. As he moves ahead, he has to prove that every single step of his is well-founded and absolutely flawless. Actually an outstanding and particularly gifted person who has unusual and unexpected initiatives in mind hardly gets a chance to assert himself; from the very beginning, dozens of traps will be set out for him. Thus mediocrity triumphs with the excuse of restrictions imposed by democracy.
It is feasible and easy everywhere to undermine administrative power and, in fact, it has been drastically weakened in all Western countries. The defense of individual rights has reached such extremes as to make society as a whole defenseless against certain individuals. It is time, in the West, to defend not so much human rights as human obligations.
Destructive and irresponsible freedom has been granted boundless space. Society appears to have little defense against the abyss of human decadence, such as, for example, misuse of liberty for moral violence against young people, motion pictures full of pornography, crime and horror. It is considered to be part of freedom and theoretically counter-balanced by the young people's right not to look or not to accept. Life organized legalistically has thus shown its inability to defend itself against the corrosion of evil.
And what shall we say about the dark realm of criminality as such? Legal frames (especially in the United States) are broad enough to encourage not only individual freedom but also certain individual crimes. The culprit can go unpunished or obtain undeserved leniency with the support of thousands of public defenders. When a government starts an earnest fight against terrorism, public opinion immediately accuses it of violating the terrorists' civil rights. There are many such cases.
Such a tilt of freedom in the direction of evil has come about gradually but it was evidently born primarily out of a humanistic and benevolent concept according to which there is no evil inherent to human nature; the world belongs to mankind and all the defects of life are caused by wrong social systems which must be corrected. Strangely enough, though the best social conditions have been achieved in the West, there still is criminality and there even is considerably more of it than in the pauper and lawless Soviet society. (There is a huge number of prisoners in our camps which are termed criminals, but most of them never committed any crime; they merely tried to defend themselves against a lawless state resorting to means outside of a legal framework).
The Direction of the PressThe press too, of course, enjoys the widest freedom. (I shall be using the word press to include all media). But what sort of use does it make of this freedom?
Here again, the main concern is not to infringe the letter of the law. There is no moral responsibility for deformation or disproportion. What sort of responsibility does a journalist have to his readers, or to history? If they have misled public opinion or the government by inaccurate information or wrong conclusions, do we know of any cases of public recognition and rectification of such mistakes by the same journalist or the same newspaper? No, it does not happen, because it would damage sales. A nation may be the victim of such a mistake, but the journalist always gets away with it. One may safely assume that he will start writing the opposite with renewed self-assurance.
Because instant and credible information has to be given, it becomes necessary to resort to guesswork, rumors and suppositions to fill in the voids, and none of them will ever be rectified, they will stay on in the readers' memory. How many hasty, immature, superficial and misleading judgments are expressed every day, confusing readers, without any verification. The press can both simulate public opinion and miseducate it. Thus we may see terrorists heroized, or secret matters, pertaining to one's nation's defense, publicly revealed, or we may witness shameless intrusion on the privacy of well-known people under the slogan: "everyone is entitled to know everything." But this is a false slogan, characteristic of a false era: people also have the right not to know, and it is a much more valuable one. The right not to have their divine souls stuffed with gossip, nonsense, vain talk. A person who works and leads a meaningful life does not need this excessive burdening flow of information.
Hastiness and superficiality are the psychic disease of the 20th century and more than anywhere else this disease is reflected in the press. In-depth analysis of a problem is anathema to the press. It stops at sensational formulas.
Such as it is, however, the press has become the greatest power within the Western countries, more powerful than the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. One would then like to ask:by what law has it been elected and to whom is it responsible? In the communist East a journalist is frankly appointed as a state official. But who has granted Western journalists their power, for how long a time and with what prerogatives?
There is yet another surprise for someone coming from the East where the press is rigorously unified: one gradually discovers a common trend of preferences within the Western press as a whole. It is a fashion; there are generally accepted patterns of judgment and there may be common corporate interests, the sum effect being not competition but unification. Enormous freedom exists for the press, but not for the readership because newspapers mostly give enough stress and emphasis to those opinions which do not too openly contradict their own and the general trend.
A Fashion in ThinkingWithout any censorship, in the West fashionable trends of thought and ideas are carefully separated from those which are not fashionable; nothing is forbidden, but what is not fashionable will hardly ever find its way into periodicals or books or be heard in colleges. Legally your researchers are free, but they are conditioned by the fashion of the day. There is no open violence such as in the East; however, a selection dictated by fashion and the need to match mass standards frequently prevent independent-minded people from giving their contribution to public life. There is a dangerous tendency to form a herd, shutting off successful development. I have received letters in America from highly intelligent persons, maybe a teacher in a faraway small college who could do much for the renewal and salvation of his country, but his country cannot hear him because the media are not interested in him. This gives birth to strong mass prejudices, blindness, which is most dangerous in our dynamic era. There is, for instance, a self-deluding interpretation of the contemporary world situation. It works as a sort of petrified armor around people's minds. Human voices from 17 countries of Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia cannot pierce it. It will only be broken by the pitiless crowbar of events.
I have mentioned a few trends of Western life which surprise and shock a new arrival to this world. The purpose and scope of this speech will not allow me to continue such a review, to look into the influence of these Western characteristics on important aspects on [the] nation's life, such as elementary education, advanced education in [?...]
SocialismIt is almost universally recognized that the West shows all the world a way to successful economic development, even though in the past years it has been strongly disturbed by chaotic inflation. However, many people living in the West are dissatisfied with their own society. They despise it or accuse it of not being up to the level of maturity attained by mankind. A number of such critics turn to socialism, which is a false and dangerous current.
I hope that no one present will suspect me of offering my personal criticism of the Western system to present socialism as an alternative. Having experienced applied socialism in a country where the alternative has been realized, I certainly will not speak for it. The well-known Soviet mathematician Shafarevich, a member of the Soviet Academy of Science, has written a brilliant book under the title Socialism; it is a profound analysis showing that socialism of any type and shade leads to a total destruction of the human spirit and to a leveling of mankind into death. Shafarevich's book was published in France almost two years ago and so far no one has been found to refute it. It will shortly be published in English in the United States.
Not a ModelBut should someone ask me whether I would indicate the West such as it is today as a model to my country, frankly I would have to answer negatively. No, I could not recommend your society in its present state as an ideal for the transformation of ours. Through intense suffering our country has now achieved a spiritual development of such intensity that the Western system in its present state of spiritual exhaustion does not look attractive. Even those characteristics of your life which I have just mentioned are extremely saddening.
A fact which cannot be disputed is the weakening of human beings in the West while in the East they are becoming firmer and stronger. Six decades for our people and three decades for the people of Eastern Europe; during that time we have been through a spiritual training far in advance of Western experience. Life's complexity and mortal weight have produced stronger, deeper and more interesting characters than those produced by standardized Western well-being. Therefore if our society were to be transformed into yours, it would mean an improvement in certain aspects, but also a change for the worse on some particularly significant scores. It is true, no doubt, that a society cannot remain in an abyss of lawlessness, as is the case in our country. But it is also demeaning for it to elect such mechanical legalistic smoothness as you have. After the suffering of decades of violence and oppression, the human soul longs for things higher, warmer and purer than those offered by today's mass living habits, introduced by the revolting invasion of publicity, by TV stupor and by intolerable music.
All this is visible to observers from all the worlds of our planet. The Western way of life is less and less likely to become the leading model.
There are meaningful warnings that history gives a threatened or perishing society. Such are, for instance, the decadence of art, or a lack of great statesmen. There are open and evident warnings, too. The center of your democracy and of your culture is left without electric power for a few hours only, and all of a sudden crowds of American citizens start looting and creating havoc. The smooth surface film must be very thin, then, the social system quite unstable and unhealthy.
But the fight for our planet, physical and spiritual, a fight of cosmic proportions, is not a vague matter of the future; it has already started. The forces of Evil have begun their decisive offensive, you can feel their pressure, and yet your screens and publications are full of prescribed smiles and raised glasses. What is the joy about?
ShortsightednessVery well known representatives of your society, such as George Kennan, say: we cannot apply moral criteria to politics. Thus we mix good and evil, right and wrong and make space for the absolute triumph of absolute Evil in the world. On the contrary, only moral criteria can help the West against communism's well planned world strategy. There are no other criteria. Practical or occasional considerations of any kind will inevitably be swept away by strategy. After a certain level of the problem has been reached, legalistic thinking induces paralysis; it prevents one from seeing the size and meaning of events.
In spite of the abundance of information, or maybe because of it, the West has difficulties in understanding reality such as it is. There have been naive predictions by some American experts who believed that Angola would become the Soviet Union's Vietnam or that Cuban expeditions in Africa would best be stopped by special U.S. courtesy to Cuba. Kennan's advice to his own country -- to begin unilateral disarmament -- belongs to the same category. If you only knew how the youngest of the Moscow Old Square [1] officials laugh at your political wizards! As to Fidel Castro, he frankly scorns the United States, sending his troops to distant adventures from his country right next to yours.
However, the most cruel mistake occurred with the failure to understand the Vietnam war. Some people sincerely wanted all wars to stop just as soon as possible; others believed that there should be room for national, or communist, self-determination in Vietnam, or in Cambodia, as we see today with particular clarity. But members of the U.S. anti-war movement wound up being involved in the betrayal of Far Eastern nations, in a genocide and in the suffering today imposed on 30 million people there. Do those convinced pacifists hear the moans coming from there? Do they understand their responsibility today? Or do they prefer not to hear? The American Intelligentsia lost its [nerve] and as a consequence thereof danger has come much closer to the United States. But there is no awareness of this. Your shortsighted politicians who signed the hasty Vietnam capitulation seemingly gave America a carefree breathing pause; however, a hundredfold Vietnam now looms over you. That small Vietnam had been a warning and an occasion to mobilize the nation's courage. But if a full-fledged America suffered a real defeat from a small communist half-country, how can the West hope to stand firm in the future?
I have had occasion already to say that in the 20th century democracy has not won any major war without help and protection from a powerful continental ally whose philosophy and ideology it did not question. In World War II against Hitler, instead of winning that war with its own forces, which would certainly have been sufficient, Western democracy grew and cultivated another enemy who would prove worse and more powerful yet, as Hitler never had so many resources and so many people, nor did he offer any attractive ideas, or have such a large number of supporters in the West -- a potential fifth column -- as the Soviet Union. At present, some Western voices already have spoken of obtaining protection from a third power against aggression in the next world conflict, if there is one; in this case the shield would be China. But I would not wish such an outcome to any country in the world. First of all, it is again a doomed alliance with Evil; also, it would grant the United States a respite, but when at a later date China with its billion people would turn around armed with American weapons, America itself would fall prey to a genocide similar to the one perpetrated in Cambodiain our days.
Loss of WillpowerAnd yet -- no weapons, no matter how powerful, can help the West until it overcomes its loss of willpower. In a state of psychological weakness, weapons become a burden for the capitulating side. To defend oneself, one must also be ready to die; there is little such readiness in a society raised in the cult of material well-being. Nothing is left, then, but concessions, attempts to gain time and betrayal. Thus at the shameful Belgrade conference free Western diplomats in their weakness surrendered the line where enslaved members of Helsinki Watchgroups are sacrificing their lives.
Western thinking has become conservative: the world situation should stay as it is at any cost, there should be no changes. This debilitating dream of a status quo is the symptom of a society which has come to the end of its development. But one must be blind in order not to see that oceans no longer belong to the West, while land under its domination keeps shrinking. The two so-called world wars (they were by far not on a world scale, not yet) have meant internal self-destruction of the small, progressive West which has thus prepared its own end. The next war (which does not have to be an atomic one and I do not believe it will) may well bury Western civilization forever.
Facing such a danger, with such historical values in your past, at such a high level of realization of freedom and apparently of devotion to freedom, how is it possible to lose to such an extent the will to defend oneself?
Humanism and Its ConsequencesHow has this unfavorable relation of forces come about? How did the West decline from its triumphal march to its present sickness? Have there been fatal turns and losses of direction in its development? It does not seem so. The West kept advancing socially in accordance with its proclaimed intentions, with the help of brilliant technological progress. And all of a sudden it found itself in its present state of weakness.
This means that the mistake must be at the root, at the very basis of human thinking in the past centuries. I refer to the prevailing Western view of the world which was first born during the Renaissance and found its political expression from the period of the Enlightenment. It became the basis for government and social science and could be defined as rationalistic humanism or humanistic autonomy: the proclaimed and enforced autonomy of man from any higher force above him. It could also be called anthropocentricity, with man seen as the center of everything that exists.
The turn introduced by the Renaissance evidently was inevitable historically. The Middle Ages had come to a natural end by exhaustion, becoming an intolerable despotic repression of man's physical nature in favor of the spiritual one. Then, however, we turned our backs upon the Spirit and embraced all that is material with excessive and unwarranted zeal. This new way of thinking, which had imposed on us its guidance, did not admit the existence of intrinsic evil in man nor did it see any higher task than the attainment of happiness on earth. It based modern Western civilization on the dangerous trend to worship man and his material needs. Everything beyond physical well-being and accumulation of material goods, all other human requirements and characteristics of a subtler and higher nature, were left outside the area of attention of state and social systems, as if human life did not have any superior sense. That provided access for evil, of which in our days there is a free and constant flow. Merely freedom does not in the least solve all the problems of human life and it even adds a number of new ones.
However, in early democracies, as in American democracy at the time of its birth, all individual human rights were granted because man is God's creature. That is, freedom was given to the individual conditionally, in the assumption of his constant religious responsibility. Such was the heritage of the preceding thousand years. Two hundred or even fifty years ago, it would have seemed quite impossible, in America, that an individual could be granted boundless freedom simply for the satisfaction of his instincts or whims. Subsequently, however, all such limitations were discarded everywhere in the West; a total liberation occurred from the moral heritage of Christian centuries with their great reserves of mercy and sacrifice. State systems were becoming increasingly and totally materialistic. The West ended up by truly enforcing human rights, sometimes even excessively, but man's sense of responsibility to God and society grew dimmer and dimmer. In the past decades, the legalistically selfish aspect of Western approach and thinking has reached its final dimension and the world wound up in a harsh spiritual crisis and a political impasse. All the glorified technological achievements of Progress, including the conquest of outer space, do not redeem the Twentieth century's moral poverty which no one could imagine even as late as in the Nineteenth Century.
An Unexpected KinshipAs humanism in its development became more and more materialistic, it made itself increasingly accessible to speculation and manipulation at first by socialism and then by communism. So that Karl Marx was able to say in 1844 that "communism is naturalized humanism."
This statement turned out not to be entirely senseless. One does see the same stones in the foundations of a despiritualized humanism and of any type of socialism: endless materialism; freedom from religion and religious responsibility, which under communist regimes reach the stage of anti-religious dictatorship; concentration on social structures with a seemingly scientific approach. (This is typical of the Enlightenment in the Eighteenth Century and of Marxism). Not by coincidence all of communism's meaningless pledges and oaths are about Man, with a capital M, and his earthly happiness. At first glance it seems an ugly parallel: common traits in the thinking and way of life of today's West and today's East? But such is the logic of materialistic development.
The interrelationship is such, too, that the current of materialism which is most to the left always ends up by being stronger, more attractive and victorious, because it is more consistent. Humanism without its Christian heritage cannot resist such competition. We watch this process in the past centuries and especially in the past decades, on a world scale as the situation becomes increasingly dramatic. Liberalism was inevitably displaced by radicalism, radicalism had to surrender to socialism and socialism could never resist communism. The communist regime in the East could stand and grow due to the enthusiastic support from an enormous number of Western intellectuals who felt a kinship and refused to see communism's crimes. When they no longer could do so, they tried to justify them. In our Eastern countries, communism has suffered a complete ideological defeat; it is zero and less than zero. But Western intellectuals still look at it with interest and with empathy, and this is precisely what makes it so immensely difficult for the West to withstand the East.
Before the TurnI am not examining here the case of a world war disaster and the changes which it would produce in society. As long as we wake up every morning under a peaceful sun, we have to lead an everyday life. There is a disaster, however, which has already been under way for quite some time. I am referring to the calamity of a despiritualized and irreligious humanistic consciousness.
To such consciousness, man is the touchstone in judging and evaluating everything on earth. Imperfect man, who is never free of pride, self-interest, envy, vanity, and dozens of other defects. We are now experiencing the consequences of mistakes which had not been noticed at the beginning of the journey. On the way from the Renaissance to our days we have enriched our experience, but we have lost the concept of a Supreme Complete Entity which used to restrain our passions and our irresponsibility. We have placed too much hope in political and social reforms, only to find out that we were being deprived of our most precious possession: our spiritual life. In the East, it is destroyed by the dealings and machinations of the ruling party. In the West, commercial interests tend to suffocate it. This is the real crisis. The split in the world is less terrible than the similarity of the disease plaguing its main sections.
If humanism were right in declaring that man is born to be happy, he would not be born to die. Since his body is doomed to die, his task on earth evidently must be of a more spiritual nature. It cannot unrestrained enjoyment of everyday life. It cannot be the search for the best ways to obtain material goods and then cheerfully get the most out of them. It has to be the fulfillment of a permanent, earnest duty so that one's life journey may become an experience of moral growth, so that one may leave life a better human being than one started it. It is imperative to review the table of widespread human values. Its present incorrectness is astounding. It is not possible that assessment of the President's performance be reduced to the question of how much money one makes or of unlimited availability of gasoline. Only voluntary, inspired self-restraint can raise man above the world stream of materialism.
It would be retrogression to attach oneself today to the ossified formulas of the Enlightenment. Social dogmatism leaves us completely helpless in front of the trials of our times.
Even if we are spared destruction by war, our lives will have to change if we want to save life from self-destruction. We cannot avoid revising the fundamental definitions of human life and human society. Is it true that man is above everything? Is there no Superior Spirit above him? Is it right that man's life and society's activities have to be determined by material expansion in the first place? Is it permissible to promote such expansion to the detriment of our spiritual integrity?
If the world has not come to its end, it has approached a major turn in history, equal in importance to the turn from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It will exact from us a spiritual upsurge, we shall have to rise to a new height of vision, to a new level of life where our physical nature will not be cursed as in the Middle Ages, but, even more importantly, our spiritual being will not be trampled upon as in the Modern era.
This ascension will be similar to climbing onto the next anthropologic stage. No one on earth has any other way left but -- upward.
Notes [1] The Old Square in Moscow (Staraya Ploshchad') is the place where the [headquarters] of the Central Committee of the CPSU are located; it is the real name of what in the West is conventionally referred to as "the Kremlin."

1970年诺贝尔文学奖演说词

1970年诺贝尔文学奖演说词
索尔仁尼琴
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  编者按:8月3日晚,俄罗斯作家索尔仁尼琴于莫斯科去世,享年89岁。大半生历艰间关的索尔仁尼琴,在去世前一年终于得到来自故土的认可。2007年,索尔仁尼琴获得俄罗斯国家奖,总统普金在颁奖典礼上说:“全世界成百上千万人把亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴的名字和创作与俄罗斯本身的命运联系在一起……事实上他全部的生命,都献给了祖国”。
正如那个困惑的野蛮人拣起了——大洋中的一块奇怪的废弃物?——沙漠中的某件出土物——或者从天上掉下来的某个无名的物件?——它有着复杂的曲线,一开始单调地闪着光,然后又刺射出明亮的光。他在手中把玩着它,把它翻转过来,试图发现如何处置它,试图在自己的把握中发现某种世俗的功能,却从未梦想到它会有更高的功能。
  我们也是这般状况,手里拿着艺术,自信地以为我们自己是艺术的主人;我们大胆地指挥着它,更新它,改造它并显示它;我们出售它以挣钱,用它取悦当权者;时而用它来消遣——径直到唱流行歌曲的地方和夜总会,时而又为了转瞬即逝的政治需要和狭隘的社会目的而抓住最近的武器,不管那是软木塞还是短棍棒。但艺术并不因我们的所作所为而被亵渎,它也并未因此而偏离开自己的天性,而是在每一个场合、在每一次应用中它都把其秘密的内心的光的一部分给了我们。但是我们能理解那道光的全部吗?谁敢说他已经为艺术下了定义,已列举了它的所有的方面?或许曾几何时有个人已理解了并且告诉了我们,但我们却不能长期满足于此;我们倾听着,忽略着,当场立即把它掷了出去,一如既往匆匆地把甚至最优秀的也交换出去——但愿是为了换得某种新的东西!而当我们再次被告知那个古老的真理时,我们甚至将不记得曾经拥有过它。
  有一位艺术家把自己看做一个独立的精神世界的创造者;他把这样一个任务扛在肩上,那就是创造这个世界,让它居住芸芸众生并为它承担包容一切的责任;但他却在这个世界的下面崩溃了,因为一个凡人的天才是没有能力承担这样一个负担的。这完全就像普通人一样,他宣称自己是存在的中心,但却没有成功地创造出一个达到了平衡的精神体系。而且如果不幸压倒了他的话,那他就责备世界的时间久远的不和谐,责备今天的断裂的灵魂的复杂,或者责备公众的愚蠢。
  另外一位艺术家看出天上有另外一种权力,于是乐得在上帝的天国的下面做一名谦恭的学徒;然而,那被写出的或被绘出的他对一切的责任,他对感知到他的工作的人们的责任,却比以往更为苛求。但是,作为回报,创造出这个世界的却并不是他,也不是他指导着这个世界,这个世界就其基础来说是没有什么不确定之处的;这位艺家只须比其他人更加敏锐地意识到世界的和谐,意识到人类对世界所做的贡献的美和丑,并把这一点敏锐地传播给他的同胞。而当不幸的时候,即使是在存在的最深处——陷于穷困、入狱、患病——他的稳定的和谐感也从未抛弃他。
  但是艺术的一切非理性、它的令人目眩的特色、它的不可预知的发现、它对人的毁坏性的影响——它们充溢着魔力,不会被这位艺术家对世界的想像所用尽,不会被他的艺术概念或者他的拙劣的作品所用尽。
  考古学家们并没有发现人类存在早期那些没有艺术的时期。就在人类的熹微晨光中,我们从未能及时看清的手中接受了它。而且我们也没有及时询问:给了我们这个礼物是为了什么目的?我们要用它做什么?
  那些预言艺术将会解体、预言艺术将比它的形式活得长久并死去的人们,他们是错了,并且将总是错。注定要死的是我们——艺术将永存。那么即使是在我们的毁灭之日,我们会理解艺术的一切方面和艺术的一切可能性吗?
  并不是一切都有个名字,有些事情是不可言传的。艺术甚至能使一个冷淡忧郁的灵魂激动起来,达到一种高度的精神经历。通过艺术,不能够用理性思维所产生的那种启示有时就来到我们身旁——隐隐约约地、短暂地来到我们的身旁。
  就像童话中的那个小镜子一样:你只要朝镜子里看,就会看到——并不是你本人,而是在一秒钟之内看到那个难以得到之物,谁也不能奔到那儿,谁也飞不起来。而只有灵魂发出一声呻吟……
  二
  有一天,陀思妥耶夫斯基说出了这句费解的话:"美将拯救世界。"这是一种什么样的陈述?有好长一段时间我认为这只不过是话语而已。这怎么会可能呢?在嗜血成性的历史中美又何曾拯救过何人免于难呢?使人高尚了,使人精神振奋了,是的——但它又拯救过谁呢?
  然而,在美的本质之中却有某种独特之处,那是在艺术的地位中的一种独特之处;即一件真正的艺术作品的说服力完全是无可辩驳的,它甚至迫使一颗反抗的心投降。要想在既是错误又是谎言的基础上写出一篇外表上流畅典雅的政治演讲、或写出一篇刚愎自用的文章,或勾勒出一套社会计划,或创造出一个哲学体系,这都是可能的。但被隐藏的事物,被歪曲的事物,却不会立即变得显而易见。
  然后一篇矛盾的演讲、文章、计划,一种立场不同的哲学又为了进行反抗而聚集在一起——并且完全同样典雅流畅,并且再次产生效果。这种事物之所以既被人相信又被人怀疑,其原因也就在于此。
  重述不能触及灵魂的事物是徒劳的。
  但是艺术作品却在自身之内拥有着自身的证明:被设计出来或者被滥用的概念并不能忍受被用形象刻画出来,它们都轰然落下了,显出苍白的病色,不能令任何人信服。但是那些将真理挖掘了出来并且把真理当作一种充满生命力的力量呈现给我们的艺术作品——它们控制着我们,迫使我们屈服,而且似乎从未有人要反驳它们,甚至在未来的时代也似乎无人要反驳它们。
  因而也许真、善、美的那个古老的三位一体并不纯粹是我们在我们的自信的、实利主义的青年时代所以为的一种空虚的、褪了色的公式吗?倘若如学者们所坚持的那样,这三棵树的树梢聚合在一起,但是真和善的过于显眼的、过于笔直的树干又被压坏,被砍掉,不被允许穿过去--那么也许那怪诞的、不可预言的、意外的美的树干将会穿过去并高飞到那个相同的地方本身,并同时完成这所有三者的工作吗?
  如此看来,陀思妥耶夫斯基的话"美将拯救世界"就不是漫不经心之语,而是一个预言吗?毕竟,一位具有怪诞的启发的人,他被允许多人看。
  而且如此看来,艺术、文学果真能够帮助今天的世界吗?我在多年之后终于多少看透了这个问题,今天我想在这儿呈现给诸位的,就是这个小小的见解。
  三
  这个讲台远非是提供给每一个作家的,而且被提供的作家一生也只有一次,为了登上这个宣讲诺贝尔奖获奖演说的讲台,我并不是登了三四级临时性的台阶,而是几百级台阶,甚至是几千级台阶;这些是不屈的、险峻的、冻结的台阶,从我注定要从那儿幸存的黑暗与寒冷之中延伸了出来,而其他人--也许比我更有天赋,更坚强--却死去了。我本人在中央劳改营的群岛里只遇见他们当中的一些人,这劳改营被打碎成零零碎碎的大量岛屿;在秘密尾随和怀疑的重负之下,我并没有和他们所有的人说话,有一些人我只是听说过,别的我只是瞎猜而已。那些已经享有文名的落入那个深渊的人起码还被人所知,但又有多少人从未被认出过,从未在公开场合被提及过一次?而且实际上没有人曾设法返回。一整个民族文学留存在那儿,湮没无闻,不仅没有坟墓,而且甚至没有贴身衣裤,赤裸着,脚趾上贴着号码。俄国文学没有一刻停止过,但是在外界看来却似乎是一片荒原!在一片和平的森林能够长成的地方,经过一阵砍伐之后,却仍有两三棵侥幸生存的树。
  我今天站在这儿,伴随着倒下的人的阴影,低下头好让以前的其他合格者在我前头通过来到这个地方,当我站在这儿,我又怎能推测他们想说的话并把这些话表达出来呢?
  这个义务长期压在我们的身上,我们懂得这个义务。用符拉基米尔.索洛耶夫的话来说:
  甚至锁着锁链我们自己也必须完成众神为我什计划好的循环。
  频繁地,在劳改营的痛苦的激动中,站在囚徒的纵队里,当时一连串的灯笼刺破了阴暗的晚霜,这时在我们的心中就涌起我们想朝整个世界呼喊出的话语,倘若整个世界能听到我们当中的一个人的话。然后似乎是非常清楚的:我们的飞黄腾达的大使会说些什么世界又会怎样用自己的评论来立即作出反应。我们的地平线十分醒目地既拥抱着物质事物,又拥抱着精神的运动,而且在这个不可分割的世界上并没有看到不平衡。这些思想并非来自书本,也不是为了表达清楚而从国外引入。它们是在与现在已经死去的人们交谈中形成的,那是在囚室里和篝火旁,它们受到那种生活的考验,它们从那种存在中生长出来。
  当外部压力终于稍微小了一些时,我的和我们的地平线变得开阔了,而且尽管是通过一个微小的缝隙,我们却也逐渐看见并知道了那"整个世界"。令我们吃惊的是,这整个世界与我们所预期的、所希望的根本不同;这就是说,并不是一个"不是靠那个"而生活的世界,并不是一个"不"引向"那儿"的世界,并不是一个这样的一世界,它看见一个泥泞的沼泽就会惊呼;"一个多么可爱的小脏水潭啊!"看见具体的领带就会惊呼:"一条多么精美的项圈啊!"相反却是一个这样的世界,一些人流着伤心的泪水,而另一些人则随着轻松愉快的音乐喜剧翩翩起舞。
  这怎么会发生呢?为什么会有这个裂开的隔阂呢?难道是我们感觉迟钝?难道是世界感觉迟钝?或者是由于语言的不同所致?为什么人们不能够听清彼此说的每一句清清楚楚的话?词语再也不像水那样发出声响奔流着--没有情趣、色彩、味道,没有痕迹。
  随着我逐渐理解了这一点,也在多年的期间一再改变了我的潜在的演讲的结构、内容和风格。也就是我今天所作的演讲。
  而且这个演讲与在严寒的劳改营的夜晚里所构思的最初的计划初也没有什么共同之处。
  四
  自太古以来人就是被这样制造出来的,使得他对世界的只要不是在催眠状态下被灌输送去的看法、他的动机和价值标准、他的行动和目的都为他的个人的和群体的生活经历所决定。俄国有句谚语,"别相信你兄弟说的话,要相信你自己的斜眼",而这就是理解我们周围的世界以及人在世界里的行为的最可靠的基础。在我们的世界伸展在神秘和荒凉之中的漫长时代里,在它受到普通的传播线路侵犯以前,在它被改造成一个单独的、痉挛地跳动着的肿块以前--人们在他们的有限的领域之内,在他们的社区之内,在他们的社会之内,最后又在他们的国土上,依靠经验治理着而无灾祸发生。在那个时候,单独的个人有可能感知并接受一种普通的价值标准:有可能将被认为是正常的事物和难以置信的事物区分开来;有可能将残酷的事物和位于邪恶的边界之外的事物区分开来;有可能将诚实的事物和欺骗的事物区分开来。尽管散居各地的人民过着迥然不同的生活而且他们的社会价值往往惊人地不一致,正如他们的度量衡体系不一致一样,但这些不一致仍然只是令偶尔前来的旅行者吃惊,在杂志上以奇闻的名义报道着,对尚未成为一体的人类并不构成威胁。
  但是在过去的几十年里,不知不觉地,突然地,人类变成了一体--满怀希望地成为一体而且又是危险地成为一体--结果它的一个部分的震动和激动就几乎被同时传递到其他的部分,有时任何一种免疫性都欠缺。人类变成了一体,但又不是像社区甚至国家本来那样固定不变地变成一体的;不是经过多年的相互经验团结起来,既不是通过拥有一只单独的眼睛,那是只被亲切称之的"斜眼",也不是通过一种共同的民族语言,而是通过国际广播和印刷越过一切障碍变成了一体。大量事件雪崩似地降临在我们身上一分钟以后半个世界就听见它们的崩溅声。但是按照世界的陌生地区的法律衡量这些事件并估价这些事件时所依赖的尺度,这却并未通过声波和在报纸的栏目中被传播出来,而且也不能够这样传播出来。这是因为,这些尺度是在单独的国家和社会里在年代过于久远的过于特殊的情况下获得了成熟并被吸收的,它们不能在半空中被交换。在世界各地,人们把自己辛辛苦苦得到的价值应用在事件上,他们固执地、自信地、只是按照自己的价值标准来进行判断,而从未按照任何其他的价值标准来进行判断。
  如果说世界上并没有许多这样迥然不同的价值标准,那么起码也有几种这样迥然不同的价值标准。一种价值标准是为了估价就近的事件,而另一种是为了估价远方的事件,苍老的社会拥有一种价值标准,而年轻的社会又拥有另一种,不成功的人民是一种价植标准,而成功的人民又是另一种。这些背道而驰的价值标准不和谐地尖叫着,令我们目眩惶惑,因而倘若我们避开所有其他的价值也就不会痛苦,那就好像避开疯狂一般,好像避开错觉一般,而且我们按照我们自己的本国的价值自信地判断着整个世界。我们之所以不把那事实上更大的、更痛苦而又更难以忍受的灾难看做更大的、更痛苦而又更难以忍受的灾难,而是把那最靠近我们的灾难误认为那更大的、更痛苦而又更难以忍受的灾难,其原因也就在于此。凡是离开更远的事物,凡是今时今刻并不威胁着要侵入我们的门口的事物--尽管它发出呻吟,发出压抑的呼喊,生命由此毁灭,即使由此带来几百万牺牲者--我们都认为,总的看来都是完全可以忍受的,在可以容忍之列。
  不太久以前,在世界的一个地方,在与古罗马人的迫害相比毫不逊色的迫害之下,成千上万的缄默的基督教徒为了对上帝的信仰而献出了他们的生命。在另外一个半球有某个疯子(而且无疑他并非孤身一人),他急速穿过大洋把我们从宗教解救出来--而且刀剑径直刺入祭司长!他按照他本人的价值标准对我们当中的每一个人进行推测。
  一件事物从远处看,按照一种价值标准,似乎是令人艳羡的、欣欣向荣的自由,可是如果在就近看,并且按照其他的价值标准,就令人感到是那种要把汽车掀翻的令人狂怒的压抑。一件事物在世界的某个地方可能代表着一个难以置信的繁荣之梦,可是在另外一个地方,却具有需要立即用罢工对其作出反应的疯狂剥削的那种使人激怒的效果。自然灾难有不同的价值标准:一场殃及二十万条生命的水灾似乎不如我们当地的一个事故那么严重。个人受到的侮辱有不同的价值标准:有时甚至一个反讽的微笑或者一个打发人走的姿式就是令人丢脸的,而在其他的时刻残酷的拷打也被当作一个不幸的玩笑而被原谅了。惩罚和邪恶有不同的价值标准:按照一种价值标准,被捕一个月、被放逐到乡村,或者人呆在里面吃白面包卷喝牛奶的隔离室,都打碎了人的想像并用愤怒充塞着报纸上的栏目,而按照另一种价值标准,判决二十五年刑期,四壁寒冰覆盖而里面的囚徒又被剥得只剩内衣裤的隔离室,为神智健全的人设的疯人院,以及无数的非理智的人,他们由于某种原因老是逃跑,又在边境遭到射击--所有这一切却又是司空见惯并为人们所认可。而涉及到世界的那个外国的部分时头脑又是尤其平静,我们对那个部分实际上是一无所知,我们从那儿甚至得不到有关事件的消息,而只有几位记者的琐碎的、过时的猜测。
  然而我们却木能因为这种两重性,因为对另外一个人的深沉的悲哀,对这种惊得发呆的不理解而责备人的看法,要知道人就是这样组成的。但是对被压缩成一个单一的肿块的整个人类来说,这样的相互不理解却显示出迫在眉睫的猛烈毁灭的威胁。面临着六个、四个或者甚至两个价值标准,一个世界、一个人类是不能够存在的:我们将被节奏的这种不一致、被颤动的这种不一致扯开。
  一个有两颗心脏的人并不是为这个世界而存在的,我们也将不能够在一个地球上肩并肩地生活着。
  五
  但是谁又将协调这些价值标准呢,而且又将怎样使这些价值标准达到协调呢?谁将为人类创造一个阐释系统,它又是既适用于善行又适用于恶行,既适用于不可忍受的事物又适用于可以忍受的事物呢?这些善行和恶行,不可忍受的事物和可以忍受的事物在今天是有区别的了。谁将向人类说清楚何为真正令人忧郁、无法容忍之事,何为仅仅局部地擦伤皮肤之事?谁将把愤怒引向那最可怕的事物而不是那更近的事物?谁会成功地把这样一种理解转移到在他本人的经历的界限之外的地方?谁会成功地让一个心胸狭隘、固执的人强烈地感受到其他人的遥远的欢乐和悲哀,感受到对他本人所从来体验到的种种方面或者蒙蔽的一种理解呢?宣传、压抑、科学证明--这一切都是无用的。但是幸而在我们的世界里确实存在着这样一种手段!这个手段就是艺术,这个手段就是文学。
  它们能够创造奇迹:它们能够战胜人的那种有害的特征,那就是只从个人的经验中进行学习,结果别人的经验徒劳地从他身边经过。当人在地球上度过他的短暂一生的时候,艺术就把一个陌生的终生的经历的全部分量,连同它的一切负担、色彩、其生命的力量,从一个人转移到另一个人身上了;它在肉体上再次创造出一个未知的经历,并允许我们拥有它,把它当作我们自己的东西。
  而且不止如此,远远不止如此。随着相当于数世纪之久的时间的逝去,不论是国家还是整个大洲都在重复着相互的错误。这样一来,人们就会以为这是多么明显啊!但并非如此,某些国家已经经历过、考虑过并且摒弃了的东西,却突然被别的国家发现是刚到的新闻。这儿又是如此,我们自己从未经历过的一种经验的唯一替代物就是艺术,就是文学。艺术和文学拥有一种奇妙的才能:它们能够超出语言、习惯、社会结构的区别而将一整个民族的生活传达给另一个民族。它们能够向一个没有经验的民族传达一种持续许多个十年的严苛的民族磨练,甚至能够使一整个民族免于走着一条不必要的,或者错误的,或者甚至是灾难的历程,从而使人类历史少走弯路。
  我今天从诺贝尔的讲坛上急迫地向你们提醒的,就是艺术的这种伟大而又崇高的性质。
  而且文学又朝着另一个无价的方向传达着无可辩驳的、浓缩的经验,亦即一代代地传下去。这样它就变成了民族的活的记忆,这样它就在自身之内保存着并且点燃了她的已经度过的历史之火,而保存和点燃这历史之火所采用的形式又免遭畸形和低毁。文学就是以这种方式,和语言一起保护着民族的灵魂。
  (近来有一种时髦的说法,即应该消除各民族之间的差别,不同的民族应该在当代文明的熔化炉里消失。我不同意这种看法,但对它的讨论又是另外一个问题。这儿作如下说法是恰当的,即民族的消失,就如同所有的人都是一个样,有着一个人格一张脸一样,会同样使我们贫瘠。民族是人类的财富,是人类的集体的人格,最无足轻重的民族也有着其特殊的色彩,并在自身之内拥有着神的意图的一个特殊的方面。)
  但一个民族的文学如果受到权力的干涉而被扰乱,那就是太不幸了,因为它不仅仅是对"印刷品的自由"的侵犯,而且也是民族心灵的关闭,是将民族的记忆击成碎片。这个民族就不再注意其自身了,它已被剥夺了其精神上的团结,而且尽管据说有一种共同的语言,可是同胞们却突然不再互相理解了。一代又一代的缄默不语的人变老了,死去了,可从来连自己都没有谈论过,也不互相交谈,不对后人交谈。当像阿赫玛托娃和赞加亭--他们终生都处于活埋状态--这样的人注定一直到死都要在缄默中进行创作,而又从未听到对他们的作品的反响,那么这就不仅仅是他们的个人的悲剧,而是整个民族的一种悲哀,是整个民族的一种危险。除此之外,在某些情况中一当由于这样的缄默而使得整个历史不再被人从整体上予以理解时--它就是整个人类的一种危险。
  六
  在各个不同的时刻,在各个不同的国家里,人们曾进行了热烈的、愤怒的和微妙的争论,争论的问题就是,艺术和艺术家是否应自由地为自己而生活,或者应总是注意到他们对社会的责任并且不带偏见地为社会服务。对我来说,这并没有什么左右为难之处,但我将避免再次引起这一系列的争论。有关这个问题的一个最令人赞叹的讲话实际上就是阿尔贝.加谬的诺贝尔奖获奖演说,我乐于赞同他的结论。确实,俄国文学在几十年的期间展现了一种倾向,那就是不太沉溺于对自身的沉思默想,不是太轻浮地焦躁不安。我并不耻于竭尽所能使这个传统再继续下去。俄国文学长期以来对下述概念并不陌生,即一个作家在他的社会之内是能做许多事情的,而且这样做也是他的责任。
  我们不可侵犯艺术家只是表现他自己的经历和内省而不顾及外部世界所发生的一切的权利。我们不可要求艺术家允许我们侵犯他的这个权利,而是--责备他,乞求他,敦促他,诱惑他允许我们侵犯他的这个权利。毕竟,他的才能只是有几分是他本人发展起来的,大部分则是在出生时像一件成品一样炸进他身上的,而这个才能的天赋又将责任强加在他的自由意志上。我们可以假定艺术家并没有受惠于任何人;然而看到下述状况却是痛苦的,即当他隐退进他的自我制造的世界里或者他的主观怪想的空间时,他就有可能将真实的世界拱手交到贪财的人的手中,如果不是交到卑劣的人、不是交到疯狂的人的手中的话。
  我们的二十世纪已证明比先前的若干世纪更为残酷,而本世纪的头五十年并没有将其所有的恐怖抹掉。我们的世界被贪婪、嫉妒、缺乏控制、相互的敌意等这些同样古老的穴居时代的情感撕得四分五裂,而这些情感又顺便拣起了诸如阶级斗争、种族冲突、群众的斗争、工会的争端之类体面的假名。原始时代的那种拒不接受妥协已被变成了一种理论原则,并被认为是正统的美德。它需要几百万人在无休止的内战中作出牺牲,它朝我们的灵魂鼓吹,像不变的、普遍的善良与正义的概念这类事物是不存在的,而且这类概念完全是起伏不定的、变化无常的。因而这个规则也就应运而生--总是做对你的一方最有利的事情。任何专业组织一见到有将一个部分折断的方便机会,即使这个机会是不劳而获的;即使这个机会是多余的,那它也就当即把它折断,而不管整个社会是否会倒塌下来。从外部来看,西方社会的巨大动荡不安正在达到这种程度,再超越一步这个系统就要不那么稳定,就要崩溃。暴力愈来愈不为若干世纪的守法行为所强加上的限制所困扰,而是正在厚颜无耻地和胜利地阔步跨过整个世界,可又对历史多次显示并证明它什么也生产不出来这一点不感兴趣。除此之外,广泛获得胜利的不仅仅是那赤裸裸的暴力,而且还有暴力的得意洋洋的借口。世界正在被那厚颜无耻的信念淹没,那信念就是:权力无所不能,正义一无所成。陀思妥耶夫斯基笔下的魔鬼--显然是上个世纪的一种局部地区的梦质的想像物--正在我们的眼皮底下爬过整个世界,骚扰着它们当时所不可能梦想到的国家,而且正在通过近年来的劫机、绑架、爆炸和纵火来宣告它们要震撼并毁灭文明的决心!而且它们可能会获得完全的成功。年轻人除了性经验之外尚无别的经验,尚未经历过多年的个人的苦难和个人的理解,他们在这样一个成长的时代里正在兴高采烈地重复着我们十九世纪的堕落的俄国错误,而又误以为他们是在发现某种新的东西。他们肤浅地缺乏对人类的古老的实质的理解,用没有经验的心脏的天真的自信呼喊着:让我们赶走那些残酷的、贪婪的压迫者,亦即政府,而新的政府(我们!)在把手榴弹和来复枪放在一边之后,就将会是公正的,通情达理的。远非如此!……但是那些年龄大的并通情达理的人,那些能够反对这些年轻人的人--他们中有许多人却并不敢反对,他们甚至拍马奉承,只要不显得" 保守"就行。这是另一个十九世纪的俄国现象,陀思妥耶夫斯基将它称之为对进步的古怪警句的奴性。
  慕尼黑的幽灵决非已退却到过去,它并非仅是个短暂的插曲。我甚至斗胆说,慕尼黑的幽灵在二十世纪无处不在。面对着一种突然复活的无耻暴行的猛烈进攻,胆怯的文明除了让步的微笑之外,并没有找到什么可用来进行反抗。慕尼黑的幽灵是获得成功的人的意志上的疾病,它是那些沉溺于不惜以任何代价渴望得到的兴隆、渴望得到作为尘世存在的主要目的的物质福利的人的日常状态。这样的人--而且在今天的世界里为数甚多--选择了被动和退却,只是为了使他们已过惯了的生活得以更长一点儿苟延残喘,只是为了不迈过今天的艰苦的门槛--而到了明天,你就会看到,一切都会安然无恙。(但是永远不会安然无恙的!怯懦的代价只能是邪恶,我们只有在敢于作出牺牲时才将获得勇气和胜利。)
  此外,我们又由于下述事实而受着毁灭的威胁,那就是这个在物质上被压缩的、被扭伤的世界不被允许在精神上融合在一起,知识和同情的分子不被允许从这一半跳到那一半。这就呈现出一种未受遏止的危险:在这个行星上各部分之间的信息的压抑。当代科学知道,信息的压抑导致熵和完全的毁灭。信息的压抑使得国际的签名和协议成为虚幻,在一个被捂住的区域之内不费任何代价就可再次阐述任何协议,甚至更为简单--把它忘掉,就好像它从来没有真正存在过一般(奥威尔对这一点有最高超的理解)。被捂住的区域就好像不是在地球上的居民居住着似的,而是好像由来自火星的一个远征队所居住;那儿的人民对地球其他地方没有一点理解力上的了解,他们抱着他们是作为"解放者"而来的神圣的信念随时准备去把地球的其他地方践踏在脚下。
  二十五年以前,抱着人类的伟大希望,联合国组织诞生了。可叹的是,在一个不道德的世界里,这个组织也变得不道德了。它不是一个联合国组织,而是一个所有的政府平起平坐的联合政府组织;在那些政府当中,有些是自由选举的,有些是用暴力强加上的,有些是用武器夺取的。联合国组织依赖着大多数成员的唯利是图的癖好,戒备地保卫着某些国家的自由而忽略其他国家的自由。由于有一种恭顺的表决,致使它拒绝对个人的呼吁进行调查,所谓个人的呼吁系指谦卑的、单独的平民百姓的呻吟、尖叫和恳求--而这对这样一个伟大的组织来说是不足挂齿的。
  似乎当代世界的外貌主要掌握在科学家的手里,因为全人类的技术步伐系由他们所决定。似乎世界的方向所应该信赖的恰恰是科学家的国际好意,而不是政治家的国际好意。而且既然那几个少数人的榜样表明倘若他们同心协力的话那就会取得多么大的成就,因而也就似乎愈加是如此了。但是并非如此。科学家们并没有展现出做出过任何明显的努力,以成为人类的一种重要的、独立的积极力量。他们消磨了一个个完整的会议,而与其他人的苦难脱离关系。他们最好是安全地呆在科学的领域之内。那种同样的慕尼黑的幽灵已在他们的头上将其使人衰弱的翅膀张开。
  当世界处于可能毁灭的边缘,那么作家在这个残忍的、有力的、分裂的世
  界的地位和作用又是什么呢?尽管,我们与发射火箭毫不相干,我们甚至推不动载重最轻的手推车,我们受尽了那些只尊敬物质力量的人的冷嘲热讽。我们也退却,认为善良不可动摇,真理不可分割,却又丧失信心,而只是将世界给予我们的辛酸作超然的观摩,这难道不是自然而然的吗?那种辛酸而又超然的观摩就是:人类已腐败得不可救药,人已堕落了,为数不多的美丽而又高雅的人在他们当中生活是非常困难的。
  但我们甚至不能依赖于这种逃避。凡是曾拿起过《圣经》的人就永远也不能逃避它;作家并不是他的同胞和同时代人的超然的法官,而是在他的祖国里的或由他的同胞所做的一切邪恶行径的同谋,如果他的祖国的坦克用鲜血淹没了一个外国首都的柏油马路,那么褐色的污点也就永远掴在作家的脸上。如果在一个致命的夜晚他们把那个信任他人的朋友闷死在睡眠中,那么作家的手掌就带有那条绳子上留下的伤痕。如果他的年轻的公民伙伴活泼地宣称堕落比诚实的工作优越,如果他们沉溺于毒品或扣押人质之中而不能自拔,那么他们的臭气也就与作家的呼吸混合在一起。
  我们能轻率地宣称我们对当前世界的创伤不负责任吗?
  七
  然而,我由于意识到世界文学是由一个单独的巨大心脏组成而感到快慰,这是种十分重要的意识,因为世界文学把我们的世界的焦虑和烦恼搞清楚了,尽管这些焦虑和烦恼在世界的各个角落里被展现和被感知的方式不同。
  除了年代久远的民族文学之外,甚至在过去的时代也存在着有关世界文学的概念,它是环绕着民族文学的高峰的选集,是文学间的相互影响的总和。但又出现了时间上的一种间隔:读者和作家只有在一段时间间隔之后才认识使用别的语言的作家,有时这个间隔持续数世纪之久,因而相互间的影响也延迟了,而民族文学的高峰的选集只显现在后人的眼前,而不是显现在同时代的人的眼前。
  但是今天,在一个国家的作家和另一个国家的作家及读者之间有着一种交互作用,这种交互作用如果不是同时发生的话也是几乎如此。我本人就有这种体验。我的那些还没有在我的祖国印行的书,令人可叹,却很快就找到了易起反应的、遍及全球的读者,尽管译文是匆忙的,并且往往是拙劣的。像亨利希.伯尔这样的著名西方作家已对这些作品作了批评性的分析。在所有这些过去的岁月里,我的工作和自由还没有安身立命之地,与地球引力法则相反,它们就好像悬挂在空中一般,好像悬挂在虚无之中--悬挂在一种富有同情心的公众膜状物的看不见的无言的绷紧状态上;然后,我带着感激的温暖,而且也是完全出乎意料地得知,我得到了作家的国际兄弟之情的进一步的支持.在我五十岁的生日的时候,我吃惊地收到了来自西方著名的作家的祝贺。我所受到的一切压力并没有无人注意。在我被开除出作家协会的那些危险的几周里,世界杰出作家所推进的防护墙保护了我,使我免遭更糟糕的迫害;而且挪威的作家和艺术家们在倘若我的被放逐付诸实施时好客地为我准备了容身之地。最后,甚至我的获诺贝尔奖的提名也不是在我生活和写作的国度里被提出的,而是由弗朗索瓦.莫里亚克和他的同事提出的。再到后来,所有作家协会也表达了对我的支持。
  这样我就理解了并且感到,世界文学不再是一部抽象的作品选集,也不是文学史家们所杜撰的一种概括;更准确地讲,它是某种公共的躯体和一种公共的精神,是一种反映了人类的成长着的团结的一种有生命力的、内心感受到的团结。国家的边界仍然在变得深红,那是被电网和喷发的机枪烧红的;形形色色的内务部长们仍然认为文学也是在他们管辖范围之内的"内部事物";报纸的大字标题仍然醒目地排印着:"无权干涉我们的内政!"可是在我们的拥挤的地球上却并没有剩下任何内政!人类的唯一的拯救就在于每一个人都把每一件事都当成他自己的事,在于东方的人民生命攸关地关切着西方在想着什么,而西方的人民又生命攸关在关切着东方在发生着什么。文学是人类所拥有的最为敏感、最易起反应的工具之一,因而也就成为最早采纳、吸收并且抓住对人类的增长的团结的这种感觉的工具之一。因而我充满信心地转向今天的世界文学--转向成百上千位我从未见过本人而且可能永远也见不到的朋友。
  朋友们,如果我们毕竟还有价值的话,那就让我们努力有所帮动吧!咱太古以来,在你们的被不调和的政党、运动、社会等级和团作所撕裂的国家里,是谁构成了那种团结的而不是分裂的力量呢?然本质上讲那儿有着作家的位置:他们的民族语言的表达者--民族的主要凝固力,其人民所占据的土地本身的凝固力,尤其是其民族精神的凝固力。
  尽管怀有偏见的人民和政党被灌输以种种思想和信仰,但我却相信,在人类的这些烦恼的时刻里,世界文学有帮助人类的力量,有看清人类的真相的力量。世界文学有力量将浓缩了的经验从一个国家传送到另一个国家,这样我们也就不再分裂和惶惑,不同的价值标准也就有可能得以取得一致,一个国家能正确而概括地学习另一个国家真正的历史,而且好似它也有同样经历般似的,以这样的承认和痛苦的意识的力量来学习,这样一来它也就得以不再重复那些相同的残酷的错误。也许在这种情况下,我们这些做艺术家的也就将能够在我们自身之内培育出一种拥抱整个世界的视野;当位于中央时我们就像任何其他人一样观察就近的事物,而当处于边缘时我们将开始把在世界的其他地方发生的事情拉进来。而且我们将相互关联,我们将观察宏大的世界。如果不是作家的话,那又是要谁去作出判断呢?这不仅仅是对他们的不成功的政府作出判断(在某些国家这是挣得面包的最轻而易举的方式,是任何一个不是懒汉的人的职业),而且也是对人民自身作出判断,在人民的怯懦的谦卑或者自我满足的软弱之中对人民自身作出判断。又要谁去对青年人的力不胜任的长跑冲刺作出判断,对挥舞着大刀的年轻海盗作出判断呢?
  我们将被告知:针对公开的暴力的无情猛攻,文学又有可能做些什么呢?但是我们不要忘记,暴力并不是孤零零地生存的,而且它也不能够孤零零地生存:它必然与虚假交织在一起。在它们之间有着最亲密的、最深刻的自然结合。暴力在虚假中找到了它的唯一的避难所,虚假在暴力中找到了它的唯一的支持。凡是曾经把暴力当作他的方式来欢呼的人就必然无情地把虚假选作他的原则。暴力在出生时就公开行动,甚至骄傲地行动着。但一旦它变得强大,得到了牢固的确立,它就立即感受到它周围的空气的稀薄,而且倘若不自贬成一团谎言的浓雾又用甜言蜜语将这些谎言包裹起来的话,它就不能够继续存在。它并非总是公开使喉咙窒息,也并不是必然使喉咙窒息,更为经常的是,它只要求其臣民发誓忠于虚假,只要求其臣民在虚假上共谋。
  而一个纯朴而又勇敢的人所采取的简单的一步就是不参与虚假,就是不支持虚假的行动!让它进入世界,甚至让它在世界上称王称霸--但是却没有得到我的帮助。但是作家和艺术家却能够做得更多:他们能够战胜虚假!在与虚假进行斗争中,艺术过去总是取得胜利,而且现在也总是取得胜利!对每一个人来说这都是公开的,无可辩驳的!在这个世界上虚假能够抵御许多东西,但就是不切实际能抵御艺术。
  而且一旦虚假被驱散,那么赤裸裸的暴力就会立即显露出它的一切丑恶--而暴力也就变得老朽,将会死亡。
  我的朋友们,我之所以相信我们能够在世界的白热的时刻帮助世界,其原因也就在此。而这并不是靠着为不拥有武器制造借口,不是靠着使我们自己沉溺于一种轻浮的生活--而是靠的是参战!
  在俄语中有关真理的格言是被人们所深爱的,它们稳定地、有时又是引人注目地表达了那种并非微不足道的严酷的民族经验:
  一句真话能比整个世界的分量还重。
  正因为如此,在这个想像的,亦即违反质量守恒和能量守恒原理的怪念头上,我既为我本人的行动也为我对整个世界的作家的呼吁找到了基础。
  资料:亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴
  索尔仁尼琴于1918年12月11日生于北高加索的基斯洛沃茨克市。父亲曾在沙俄军队中供职,战死在德国;母亲系中学教员。由于他是个遗腹子,童年全靠母亲的微薄薪水维持生活。1924年,随寡母迁居到顿河上的罗斯托夫市。在这里,他读完了中学,考入罗斯托夫大学的数学物理系,1941年以优异成绩毕业。与此同时,作为莫斯科大学的函授生,他在攻读文学方面取得了优异的成绩。
  卫国战争时期,他应征入伍,当过炮兵连长,并因作战有功,两次获得勋章,后升至大尉军衔。
  1945年2月,他在东普鲁士的前线被捕,按他本人的说法,是因为在与友人通信中“批评斯大林”而“案发”被捕的。内务人民委员部以“进行反苏宣传和阴谋建立反苏组织”的罪名判处他8年劳改。刑满后被流放到哈萨克斯坦。1956年解除流放,1957年,终于宣布他“无犯罪事实”,被恢复名誉。此后,他定居于梁赞市,在一所中学里任数学教员。在担任教学工作的同时,他从事文学创作。
  1962年11月,经赫鲁晓夫亲自批准,《新世界》杂志发表了索尔仁尼琴描写劳改营生活的中篇小说《伊万·杰尼索维奇的一天》。据《文学报》报道,它是“在苏共中央赞同之下发表的”。著名诗人、《新世界》杂志主编特瓦尔多夫斯基为这篇小说写了“代序”,说它“意味着一个新的、独特的并且是完全成熟的巨匠进入了我们的文坛……它说明在我们今天的现实生活中,没有什么领域或现象不能给予真实的描写”。赫鲁晓夫也夸奖这部小说是“从党的立场反映了那些年代真实情况的作品”。小说即刻轰动了整个前苏联,在文艺界产生了前所未有的影响。继它之后,前苏联文坛写斯大林时代劳改营、流放地。囚车和监狱的作品便大量产生。索尔仁尼琴也于1963年连续发表了3部这类主题的中短篇小说:《克列切托夫卡车站事件》《马特辽娜一家》《为了事业的利益》。 1963年,他加入苏联作协。
  随着政治形势的变化,《伊万·杰尼索维奇的一天》从1965年3月开始又受到公开批判。可想而知,旨在暴露斯大林时代阴暗面的长篇小说《癌症楼》(1963—1967)和描写政治特别收容所的《第一圈》(1969)已没有可能在苏联国内问世了,它们同索尔仁尼琴此后的其他作品都是在国外出版的,且引起巨大的反响。
  1967年5月,第四次苏联作家代表大会前夕,索尔仁尼琴给大会写了一封公开信,要求“取消对文艺创作的一切公开和秘密的检查制度”,遭到当局指责。1968年,长篇小说《癌症楼》和《第一圈》在西欧发表。
  1969年11月,索尔仁尼琴被前苏联作家协会开除会籍。但瑞典皇家学院却于1970年“因为他在追求俄罗斯文学不可或缺的传统时所具有的道义力量”授予他诺贝尔文学奖金。当时,前苏联官方认为这是“冷战性质的政治挑衅”。自然,索尔仁尼琴没有前去领奖。
  1971年,德、法两国同时出版他的长篇小说《1914年8月》。1973年12月,以揭露十月革命以来“非人的残暴统治”为主旨的《古拉格群岛》第一卷也在巴黎出版,这是一部自传兼特写性的3卷本长篇小说,披露了从1918年到1956年间苏联监狱与劳改营的内幕。
  1974年2月12日,苏联最高苏维埃主席团宣布剥夺其苏联国籍,把他驱逐出境。同年10月,美国参议院授予他“美国荣誉公民”称号。他先到西德,后移居瑞士,并前往斯德哥尔摩领取了4年后补发的诺贝尔文学奖状。1976年他迁往美国。
  1989年,苏联作协书记处接受《新世界》杂志社和苏联作家出版社的倡议,撤消作协书记处于1969年11月5日批准的把索尔仁尼琴开除出苏联作协的“不公正的、与社会主义民主原则相抵触的决定 ”,同时委托当选为苏联人民代表的作家们向最高苏维埃提出撤消最高苏维埃主席团1974年2月12日的命令。
  1994年,经俄罗斯总统叶利钦邀请回归俄罗斯。他的作品得以正式出版。

2008年7月6日星期日

一周港媒:暴力袭警折射政府信誉危机

本周,香港媒体在报道中国大陆新闻时关注的焦点主要有:上海歹徒袭击警方,贵州也发生群众袭击警方,这一切都折射了什么?习近平表示“以平常心办奥运会”说明了什么?

上海一个警局内日前发生罕见凶案,一名来自北京的男子闯入上海闸北区公安分局办公楼内,连刺9名警察和1名保安员,导致至少5人伤重死亡,部分伤者情况危殆。这一案件在北京奥运前发生,引起了全国的关注。亲北京的香港《大公报》发表报道,引用一名上海王警官的话说,这是闻所未闻。报道写道:"王警官表示,嫌犯袭警的动机大致有三个可能性,其一是嫌疑人在警方清查、盘查、抓捕过程中趁警员对其控制不严,发动突然袭击;其二是警方缉捕行动布置不周,或嫌犯察觉警方行动有所准备,在追捕或抓捕过程中为脱逃主动攻击警察;最后一种情况是,嫌犯已被抓获,警方在搜身、押解、看管、讯问中麻痺大意,使嫌犯乘机袭警脱逃。他说:“警校训练时一般会针对上述三种情况教授警员防范袭警事件,但像今天发生的情况好像并未引起警方的关注,毕竟在治安情况良好的上海,很少有凶徒会直接闯入差馆行凶袭警。此外,大多数袭警事件,仅限于与执勤警员发生口角、推搡等,行凶杀人的袭警桉件比率其实很低。”


与此同时,贵州瓮安县的公安因被指办桉不公、包庇疑犯,又打伤受害者家人,引发民变骚乱,公安大楼两层被焚。这是又一起袭击警察的事件。香港《明报》发表评论,题目是《警方说词疑点重重,政府信誉受考验》。

评论写道:"表面看,都可以「暴力袭警」一概论之。但仔细研究,却发现两宗桉件都疑点重重,公安的解释不仅不能解人疑惑,却有欲盖弥彰、愈描愈黑之感。先说瓮安的桉子,在封锁消息3天后,公安终于出面说明桉情,指那名被家人怀疑遭姦杀的女中学生是在与朋友晚餐后散步时,突然跳河溺毙的,因此断定是自杀。但公安却无法解释那17岁的花季女孩因何事如此想不开,要在与友侪共进晚餐月下散步之际,突寻短见?再看上海血洗警局之后,公安发布消息十分迅速,指凶手杨某曾于去年因在当地偷窃单车被审查过,今次是挟怨报复。但令人费解的是,按内地治安处罚条例,轻微偷窃的处罚最多是拘留10日,罚款不逾千元。人们不禁要问﹕杨某到底受到了什麽样的审查,令他种下如此的深仇大恨,非要手刃警员而后快呢?虽然并不能根据上述疑点,就得出公安都是贪赃枉法的结论,但从近年来诸多报道可见,公安的诚信正遭遇严重危机。其实,从内地近年扰攘一时的高莺莺、黄静等多个桉件来看,公安的结论一出,不论真假,往往被公众嗤之以鼻,而反面的「煽动之词」常不胫而走,成为星星之火。这种现象,值得主其事者重视。其实和陝西华南虎事件一样,瓮安的骚乱,反映的也是地方政府信誉的危机。"

《东方日报》则针对国家副主席习近平日前表示对奥运"要用平常心来对待"发表评论,题为《平常心办奥运,北京大彻大悟》。文章写道:"以平常心办奥运,这是中共高层领导人对奥运会的一个新提法,这与过往有很大不同,显示出务实包容的一面。这种心态的转变,也将对中国的政经局势产生重大影响。自奥运申办成功后,北京当局上下憋一口气,夸下海口,要令本届奥运会成为史上最成功、最完美的奥运会。这既有对北京第一次申办奥运,因西方杯葛失败的反弹,更有好大喜功的成分。北京希望将今届奥运作为中国大国崛起的标志,见证中华民族强大的光荣一刻,只许成功不许失败。……原本一届普通的奥运会,被附加上如此众多的政治负担,北京自己给自己套上一个紧箍咒,也给外界可乘之机。……但奥运火炬在伦敦、巴黎的遭遇,以及西方政客以人权为由杯葛奥运的一系列动作,使北京高层最终明白,树欲静而风不止,光有一厢情愿是不够的,期望值愈高,失望度愈大。事实上,各种势力对奥运的杯葛与破坏防不胜防,突发事件层出不穷,北京即使举全国之力,也无法堵住所有的漏洞,更何况这些杯葛计划与破坏行动,经过密室多年策划与酝酿。如今,北京以平常心举办奥运,可谓大彻大悟,事实上是抛弃了那种好大喜功、绝对不能出问题的错误思想。指导思想的转变,促使了北京在策略上作出改变。"

中国要少做“俯卧撑”就要做足“仰卧起坐”

中国要少做“俯卧撑”就要做足“仰卧起坐”

中国最近连续发生三起重大社会事件:瓮安、上海袭警、张家界撞楼,于是“俯卧撑”成了最流行语,甚至用到了股市,用于了足球业界。德国之声记者认为,中国社会激烈动荡由来已久,如今愈演愈烈,表明:几个方面的政治改革已经刻不容缓。借用类似的语言:中国急需要做的是几个“仰卧起坐”。其中最关键的是三个:新闻放开、法制到位、民主升级。

瓮安事件让我们看到什么

就瓮安事件本身而言,这也许是一件在这么大一个国家里每天都会发生的事情,无论少女李树芬是自杀还是他杀。就事论事地说,官方做出陈述后,各媒体进行了采访报导后,看来,这本来是一件应该由检察院和法院处理的事情。似乎还不能完全排除他杀的可能性,但自杀的可能性也是存在的。也就是说,可以是一个非刑事案,也可能是个刑事案。

问题不在这个介于两者间的案子本身,而在两点:为什么会引起万人骚乱,为什么会引起全国乃至全球性的震撼。为什么会引起万人骚乱呢?从贵州省对县政府的处理可以看出,贵州省和中国中央领导人也认为,这里牵涉到很大的民怨,县政府负有重大责任。李树芬的叔叔从派出所出来后,在一家保险公司门口遭到毒打,也不能排除有关警察找人干的嫌疑。另外就是象中国国内有的贴子说的,贵州人爱看热闹,其实真正闹事的并非万人,可能只有几百人,其他人只是在看热闹。当然看热闹也许也表明了一定的民怨。为什么会震撼中国全国呢?首先,事件发生后,网络上传出了许多版本的"事实真相",激怒了大众;第二,这也表明,各地的民众中也有很多人对(当地)政府不满或积怨很深。

世界各地都有社会冲突,比如巴黎郊区几年前、柏林五一时的骚乱。有许多人表现也很极端,比如美国和德国的校园枪杀案件。但是,中国这些年来社会矛盾特别尖锐,却是不争的事实。每年七、八万起,还不包括上海袭警、张家界撞楼这样的非"群体事件"。为什么呢?为什么越是说"和谐社会",社会似乎越不和谐呢?自然,中国国家大,人口众多,是一个表面原因。更重要的原因是:中国三十年来处于社会剧变的过程中,具有许多类资本主义初级阶段的特征,也具有许多中国独特的恶疾,比如严重的腐败、许多地方官的贪婪、枉权,与商人的勾结,许多地方官被别人和自己捧成了土皇帝,比如许多公务人员的妄自尊大,对民众的不尊重。最严重的是,许多民众有理没地方说去。官官相护的现象也非常严重。

但是,笔者认为还不能认为中国已经陷入了社会危机,随时有天翻地覆的可能性;也不能认为这些严重事件表明了中国民众对共产党、对中国中央领导严重与普遍不满。否则就不能解释,为什么不久前美国马里兰大学的那个民意调查中,居然有90%以上中国受调查民众对胡锦涛表示好感。

中国这次处理瓮县事件的过程也表明,在经历了西藏事件和大地震后,中国有些方面确实有了进步,甚至是不小的进步。这表现在几个方面:一. 从一开始就没有掩盖这件事情。在几年前发生重庆万县事件、广东汕尾事件、郑州大学生抗议事件时,中国国内是绝对不报导的。二. 似乎也没有完全不让外国媒体介入。我们在此间看到一些美联社记者拍摄的当地照片,也读到德新社记者对当地政府的询问。三. 一开始也奉行只许转发新华社报导的那一套,但这几天也允许地方媒体报导和评论了,比如贵州日报发表了该报记者对当事人刘某父亲的采访,齐鲁晚报发表了"公众为什么还有许多质疑"的评论,并为新华社转发;四. 一开始封了几个主要网站的相关论坛,但现在据说又有所放开了;五. 贵州省撤换了该县的公安局和县委、县政府主要负责人,并指出他们的责任。

另外一点引起笔者思考的是:为什么这次此间(西方)媒体对这件事不那么热衷,西方公众也远不如西藏事件时那么激动。自然,一个方面是,西方对西藏问题更关注,许多人把这看成是国际问题,强欺弱的问题,而认为中国国内"汉人"间的事情是他们内部的事情,"窝里斗"。另一个方面是,不仅中国国家领导人从西藏事件中吸取了教训,西方媒体也吸取了教训,不再仅仅根据某一方的话和传言来报导,而也尊重了中国官方的报导。

但是,无论如何,不可否认的是,中国民众的不满处处存在,社会动荡非常激烈,而且有越来越激烈的趋势。长此以往,中国确实是坚持不住的。这是任何一个国家都无法长期坚持的。如果"俯卧撑"越来越多,恐怕也确实会引发地震,引发全面的危机。今年以来的几次重大事件分别表明:坚持老一套,就会出问题,出大问题(西藏事件);有所改变,情况就好得多(四川地震)。但中国仍然在害怕着,犹豫着,观望着。要减少俯卧撑,避免太多的俯卧撑哪天引发地震,就必须做好一些政治改革方面的"仰卧起坐"。其中最重要的是以下三个。

第一个仰卧起坐:新闻放开

在这一点上,中国在西藏事件以后已经有了进步。四川大地震发生后的初期,中国吸取西藏事件的教训,做出了几个首次:首次快速全面地报导,并允许国内各地各种媒体报导;首次允许国外媒体介入大事件到当地报导;首次通过电视台向全国直播每天的新闻发布会;首次接受国外援助,并允许人员到当地援助;首次举行全国性地为普通民众搞的哀悼活动。结果是什么呢?很显然,是非常积极的反响,全世界都给中国政府以好评。

可惜的是,几周后,这个政策又有些收回了,对各地媒体和网络论坛、博客对负面问题(尤其是校舍的坚固性)的报导又开始了控制。

瓮安事件发生后,中国局部在新闻方面吸取了大地震的好经验,一没有掩盖,二是举行了新闻发布会,三是似乎虽不提倡、但也不坚决拒绝国外媒体介入。但在有些方面仍然显得惊慌失措,这尤其表现在对网络论坛的封锁方面。这几天,中国新闻出版总署负责人又表示说,新闻自由要有一定的限度。

这些表明,中国领导人虽然感受到了大地震初期新闻自由的好处,但仍然摆脱不了担心害怕的心理,总怕新闻放得过了会出现社会大动荡。

这是一个需要中国政界和各界认真研究探讨的问题。不妨研究一下,为什么西方媒体全面放开却不会因此而引发社会动荡呢?恰恰相反,有了新闻的充分监督,许多社会矛盾反而避免了。比如,如果能让国内外所有媒体参与调查和报导,网上即使有许多东西是编造出来的,不也不攻自破了吗?

之所以害怕新闻放开会导致社会动荡,还有一个重要原因是,光新闻放开是不够的,必须有个全面的配合:民主和法制必须跟上。

西方媒体并非绝对不控制。比如在此间主流媒体的一些论坛里,编辑也删除一些言论。但这不是国家负责的事情,是每个媒体自己负责的事情,也牵涉到版权、是否有诬陷等违法行为。此间媒体把激烈的攻击个人的、骂人的话也是删除掉的。但是媒体与媒体的观念本身可能就不同,因此有的媒体的观点不得到其它媒体的赞同,就能让各方面的人都得到信息。即使在西藏事件时,此间主流媒体观点比较一致,但在网上和其它渠道,人们还是可以读到大量其它媒体和网站的观点、情况介绍和评论的,包括中国媒体自己的德语、英语的报导,包括anti-cnn这样的网站,在这里的google上也从来就不删除,谁都可以阅读。

第二个仰卧起坐:法制到位

瓮安事件后读到一篇受到不少读者热捧的评论,作者认为,中国的主要问题是没有建立在基层把危机处理掉的机制。这是一个不错的观点。只是作者没有继续探讨下去,这应该是怎么样一个机制。

笔者认为,这个机制就是法制(当然同时要有新闻和民主的配套)。老百姓有怨,有冤,要有地方去说。中国的处理办法是绝对中国特色的:信访。国务院有信访办,各省、各地有信访局。表面上看,这个东西很民主。然而,这恰恰是不民主、没有充分法制的产物。

信访是什么呢?就是有冤、有问题,找上级领导去申诉,或者说,找更高级的政府、找党去解决问题。可是,如果有官官相护的问题存在呢?事实证明,这个东西是几乎避免不了的。于是有许多人跑断了腿,倾家荡产也解决不了问题。于是,社会怨气积累起来了,这里那里爆发了。

中国还有一个特产,就是纪委。党内、官内的问题不归法院管,而归纪委管。信访有成果的那些恐怕多半也是要通过纪委来处理,至少是第一步的处理。可是同理,如果出现官官相护的问题呢?

有人说,那也可以告到法院嘛。问题是,中国的法院和检察院也都是党的;审理多半是不公开的;许多案子对新闻界也是保密的。于是,许多问题解决不了,有的似乎解决了,但起诉者仍然认为不公道,不相信你的公正性。

不得不重提一个问题:司法独立。这个问题现在陷入了僵局。但是,如果没有独立的法院、检察院,没有公开的、受到舆论监督的审理程序,同时又有纪委和信访办的存在和各级领导的干预,就是没法让老百姓充分地信服。

还有一点,民告官,虽然中国也逐渐有了告赢的例子,恐怕还是很少的。德国和其它西方国家有个特殊的法院:行政法院。当然行政法院不是专管民告官的事情的,但牵涉到许多官办的事情民不满可以申诉的。如果中国取消或缩小信访办,建立行政法院,并且就是以民告官、告公务人员的案子为主,是否也可以更公正、更有效一些呢?是否也可以避免上海袭警事件这样的事情呢?

当然,法院的法官、检察院的检察官等的产生过程也是法制化过程中的重要一环。这是司法独立的一个组成部分。更重要的是,无论哪一级的领导,都不能干预法院、检察院的工作,即使是司法局局长,也不能涉入具体案子。要做到这一点,同样不能缺少新闻和民主的配套。

第三个仰卧起坐:民主升级

这次四川大地震让我们看到,中国也有很多好地方官。因此,也不能"一网打尽"。但是,就是好地方官,也不见得每一个都处处都好,更不见得每一个都会一直好下去,尤其在这个物欲横流的今日中国。

对于不好的官,中国有自己的处理办法,尤其在这次大地震后和瓮安事件后:撤掉当地当官的。这应该说也是一个进步,也是一种民主:把触犯民怨的责任人撤下来。但这只是一种初级的民主。现在已有人在呼吁:县级直选已不可再拖延。这确实是个好建议。

在西方,如果发生了什么大事,一个地方政府或国家政府就会被迫辞职;如果政府做得不好,老百姓下次就不再选它。这样做的直接效果是:政府位置上坐着的人不敢得罪老百姓。不是老百姓怕政府长官,而是政府长官怕老百姓。如果说,中国一次到位进行全国大选不可能,那么,从村一级的普选提升到县一级,应该还是可以做到的吧。如果没有民主这个东西,即使司法相对独立了,新闻相对自由了,而县长县委书记是土皇帝,至少当地的法院和媒体还是不敢太勇敢的。

然而,民主并非仅仅是选举和辞职。它还包括一些中华人民共和国宪法里实际上已经规定的东西,比如言论自由、罢工自由、示威游行的自由。中国在这方面都没有真正落实宪法,这是众所周知的。

有人会说,西方罢工自由了,示威游行自由了,又怎么样?大罢工的时候,全国交通瘫痪;大游行的时候,也发生冲突,甚至骚乱。可是,这东西是个权衡的问题。控制这些,固然可以换来一时的平静,但不能避免矛盾积压,导致一旦爆发就不可收拾的结果。

有些新的东西,比如网络上的言论,手机上的传播,这本身是压不住的。里面可能会有很多谣言,甚至污蔑诽谤。但是一是要靠各媒体自己来掌握,二是要根据法律来掌握。确实是违法的(比如诽谤,盗窃版权),就应该由检察院来调查,由法院来审理。而通过压、删、不让阅读,最终并不能解决问题。而网络上提供的也有许多可能真是正确的而又非处理不可的呢?这就又可能体现了网络的好处了。

也许,上述这些"仰卧起坐"不太容易一下子都做到,但至少可以充分地探讨起来吧?要解决社会矛盾的积压,要做成一个"和谐社会",有一点是可以肯定的:靠压和堵是不行的,只能靠疏和导。或许可以归结到一点:让老百姓真正有地方说话。也许不是每个"老百姓"的话都对,但可以通过一些方面来体现普遍的民意:比如选举,比如对政治问题的民意调查,比如公投。这些都是民主的组成部分。